Distillation crude oil pdf

Although not shown in the simplified diagram above, most refineries in the United States reprocess the heavier fractions into lighter products to maximize the output of the most desirable products using more sophisticated refining equipment such as catalytic crackers , reformers , and cokers.

Add us to your site. Today in Energy. July 5, Crude oil distillation and the definition of refinery capacity Source: U.

Energy Information Administration. Email Share Print. Send your feedback to todayinenergy eia. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Fortune C Akilimali. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. ABSTRACT The aim of this experiment was to determine the distillation characteristics of crude oil that is the volume of distillate of crude oil which yielded Naphtha, kerosene and straight run gasoline and also the distillation loss of crude oil during the distillation.

The volume of distillate obtained at the receiver after condensation by ice-cold water was recorded at interval of C up to C. The volume of the residue was recorded at the end of the preliminary distillation. The experiment was repeated twice and for each experiment data were taken and collected. After collection of data a graph of cumulative distillate volume against temperature was plotted and the yields of naphtha, kerosene and gas oil were obtained depending on their boiling temperature ranges, also the distillation loss was found to be 0.

The total distillate volume was It was concluded that the preliminary distillation of crude oil yielded various products including straight-run gasoline, naphtha and kerosene. N Watkins, Crude oil comes from the ground, which contains variety of substances like gases, water, dirt, minerals. Basic types of crudes are asphaltic, naphthenic, or paraffinic, depending on the relative proportion of these types of hydrocarbons present. Distillation Separation of liquid compounds by boiling point.

For example, a mixture of two hydrocarbons can be heated so that the lower molecular weight hydrocarbon evaporates—if the vapor is not allowed to escape but taken around the corner and cooled down, it can be extracted as a pure liquid. Distillation is a process that uses the difference in boiling points of molecules and petroleum fractions to separate the compounds and streams.

W Dean, Distillate: The product of distillation obtained by condensing the vapors from a refinery still, also known as overhead fractions, as distinguished from the non-vaporizing residual components left in the still. In the distillation of a sample, a portion is evaporated; the part that is condensed afterward is the distillate.

The distillate or middle range of petroleum liquids produced during the processing of crude oil. Crude oil processing involves both physical and chemical methods. Mostly the separation is done by physical means and further processing to improve its quality by chemical means. The physical separation process whereby the separation is based on differences of certain physical properties of the constituents such as the boiling and melting points, adsorption affinities and diffusion through certain membranes.

N Watkins, The important physical separation process which is our main concern here is crude oil distillation. Crude distillation separates raw crude oil feed usually a mixture of crude oils into a number of intermediate refinery streams, characterized by their boiling ranges.

Each fraction leaving the crude distillation unit is defined by a unique boiling point range. Separation of liquid compounds by boiling point. W Dean, Crude oil can be separated by various separation processes, crude oil distillation is our separation process of interest which means the process of separating the components of the crude oil sample from a liquid mixtures through vaporization and condensation based on the difference in volatility of the components in the mixture.

The first stage in the refining process in which crude oil is heated and unfinished petroleum products are initially separated. The general process of vaporizing liquids, crude oil, or one of its fractions in a closed vessel, collecting and condensing the vapors into liquids. Small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in gaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after being recovered from oil well casing head gas in lease separators and are subsequently commingled with the crude stream without being separately measured.

D Mall, The crude oil distillation separates the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further in the other refinery processing units. Crude oil distillation consists of atmospheric and vacuum distillation. In this method a small amount of sample is distilled under prescribed conditions of heat input and rate of distillation.

A long necked flask having a vapour tube. A condenser whose lower end is bent downward so that it touches the wall of the receiver. A receiver which is a graduate cylinder. A source of heat normally a gas burner. N Watkins, Crude Oil Losses: Represents the volume of crude oil reported by petroleum refineries as being lost in their operations. These losses are due to spills, contamination, fires, etc. Fractional Distillation The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first steps to separate these components.

Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline; this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.

Gary H. Atmospheric distillation unit. In some refinery configurations, terminologies such as gasoline, jet fuel and diesel are used to represent the products which are usually fractions emanating as portions of naphtha, kerosene and gas oil.

Vacuum distillation unit Distillation under vacuum permits fractionation at lower temperature which avoids cracking of the reduced crude oil and coking of the furnace tube. The reduced crude oil from atmospheric column at about oC is heated and partially vaporized in the furnace.

The temperature in the flash zone of the tower is controlled by the furnace coil outlet temperature.