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Think of a torque converter like a water wheel in an old saw mill: the waterwheel is driven by fluid in motion. A torque converter works on the same principle—a fluid coupling or clutch that slips when the vehicle is stopped and transfers power as engine RPM increases and gets fluid moving.
A torque converter, by its very nature as a fluid coupling, also dampens engine combustion pulses to achieve smoother operation. The use of torque converters dates to the early s. The Germans were among the first to use torque converters in automobiles, trains, and industrial machinery. General Motors followed that act in the Oldsmobile.
Ford then followed suit in with a BorgWarner derivative in Lincoln and Mercury automobiles. General Motors was first with a true torque converter in the Buick Dynaflow transmission. Thanks to the basic principles of hydraulics, a torque converter puts fluid in motion to do our work. Fluid is thrust into motion to drive components in a process known as hydraulics.
The same principle that stops your car in the braking system or operates your power steering is what gets it going in an automatic transmission. And if everything is working properly, the work is done smoothly and efficiently.
As engine speed increases, fluid flow is directed through the stator to the turbine, which drives the turbine and transmission input shaft to get you moving. The point at which the impeller begins to drive the turbine is known as stall speed. Highperformance torque converters stall at higher engine speeds because you want the engine well into its power band when the converter stalls begins to move the turbine and vehicle. The same can be said for a racing converter with a stall speed of 3, rpm.
Stall speed is determined mostly by stator design. This is what makes a torque converter a torque multiplier. Most torque converters multiply torque in a 2. Torque conversion or multiplication happens at stall speed with the stator stationary before the turbine begins to move. When the turbine gets underway with the vehicle in motion, the stator moves at the speed as the turbine. Aftermarket performance converters are all about higher stall speeds and furnacebrazed construction that can take a beating.
This is how the torque converter interacts with your C4 or C6 transmission. Fluid under pressure through the stator drives the turbine and transmission input shaft. The impeller is basically an engine-driven pump that moves fluid to and through the stator to the drive turbine. As long as the impeller receives a continuous supply of fluid, it continues to power the turbine.
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